How to Cite:
Rina Kartikasari, "Gender and Urban Space: A Critical Study of Safety, Access, and Agency in Modern Cities" International Journal of Humanities Science Innovations and Management Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 21-30, 2024.

Abstract:
Urban spaces are not neutral; they are shaped by social structures, power dynamics, and cultural narratives that often marginalize certain groups. This paper critically examines how gender influences the experience of urban environments, with a focus on safety, accessibility, and agency. Drawing on feminist urban theory, case studies, and urban policy analysis, the study explores how the design, planning, and governance of cities affect women and gender minorities. It highlights how unequal access to public spaces, experiences of harassment, and systemic exclusions reinforce gendered hierarchies. The paper also investigates community-led and policy-driven interventions aimed at creating more inclusive and equitable urban landscapes. Ultimately, it argues for a reimagining of urban space through a gender-sensitive lens that prioritizes safety, participation, and empowerment for all genders.

Keywords: Gender and Space, Urban Safety, Feminist Urbanism, Public Space Access, Spatial Justice, Gendered Mobility, Inclusive City Planning, Urban Agency, Intersectionality, Urban Governance.

References:
[1] Beebeejaun, Y. (2017). Gender, urban space, and the right to everyday life. Journal of Urban Affairs, 39(3), 323–334.
[2] Fenster, T. (2005). The right to the gendered city: Different formations of belonging in everyday life. Journal of Gender Studies, 14(3), 217–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589230500264109 .
[3] Kern, L. (2020). Feminist City: Claiming Space in a Man-Made World. Verso Books.
[4] UN-Habitat. (2016). New Urban Agenda. United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III).
[5] Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299.
[6] United Nations. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
[7] Phadke, S., Khan, S., & Ranade, S. (2011). Why Loiter? Women and Risk on Mumbai Streets. Penguin Books India.
[8] Levy, C. (2013). Travel choice reframed: “Deep distribution” and gender in urban transport. Environment and Urbanization, 25(1), 47–63.
[9] UN Women. (2017). Safe Cities and Safe Public Spaces: Meth, P. (2010). Unsettling insurgency: Reflections on women's insurgent practices in South Africa. Planning Theory & Practice, 11(2), 241–263.
[10] Pain, R. (2001). Gender, race, age and fear in the city. Urban Studies, 38(5–6), 899–913.